Ray and wave optics

Ray and wave optics
Reflection

• Image of two inclined plane mirrors
  
  (i) n = if even integer
  
  (ii) n = odd integer
  
• Mirror formula
  
  
  
• Lateral magnification
  
  m = 
  
• Axial magnification
  
  m = 
  
  if object is small
  
  m = 
  
  Refraction
  
• Snell's law
  
  
  
• Absolute refractive index
  
  _vacuummedium = 
  
• When object is in denser medium and observer is in rarer medium
  
   = 
  
  shift d = h - h' = 
  
• Lateral shift
  
  = t sec r sin (i - r)
  
• Normal shift
  
  r 
  
• Total internal reflection
  
   = here   _rarerdenser & c  critical angle.
  
  
  
  Refraction from spherical surface
  
  
  
• Refraction formula
  
  
  
• Lateral magnification
  
  m = 
  
  Lens
  
  
  
• Power of lens P = 
  
• Lens maker 's formula
  
  
  
• Lens formula
  
  
  
• Magnification
  
  m = 
  
• Longitudinal magnification
  
  m = 
  
• Areal magnification
  
  m_s = 
  
• Lens immersed in a liquid
  
  
  
• Displacement method
  
  f = where m₁ = and m_­1 m₂ = 1
  
• Size of object O = 
  
• Combination of lens
  
  Power P = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + . . .
  
  Focal length 
  
• Silvering of lens
  
  
  
• Chromatic aberration
  
  = f_R - f_V = f_y
  
• Condition for achromatism
  
  ₁f₂ = - ₂f₁
  
  
  
  Prism
  
  
  
• Devation through a prism
  
   = ( - 1)A
  
• _max = 
  
• Prism formula  = 
  
• Angle of dispersion
  
   = (_V - _R) = (_V - _R)A
  
• Dispersive power
  
   = 
  
  Microscope
  
  
  
• Magnification M = 
  
• Magnifying power of a compound microscope
  
  M = 
  
  
  
  Astronomical telescope
  
  
  
• Magnifying power M = , when final image at infinite.
  
• M = , when final image is seen at least distance of distinct vision
  
• Terrestrial telescope M = , when final image at infinite.
  
  M = , when final image at lest distance of distinct vision
  
• Resolving power of microscope
  
  R.P = 
  
• Resolving power of telescope
  
  R.P = .