Ionic equilibrium

Ionic equilibrium 1. Degree of dissociation or ionization  =  For strong electrolytes   1, for weak electrolyte  < < 1 2. Ostwald's dilution law  For a weak electrolyte of type A+ B- dissociation constant, k =  or  =  Where C = Concentration             K – Dissociation constant             V = Volume

Communication

Amplitude modulation (AM) (i)   Modulation index ma =  (ii)   Voltage equation for AM wave e = E sin wct =  =  (iii)  Band width =  (iv)  Power in AM wave PC =  Total power of side bands Psb =  Frequency deviation d =   Carrier swing CS = 2 Df  The effective refractive index of the ionosphere neff = n0

Atoms

Photo electric effect Energy of photon, E = hn =  Mass of photon, m =  Momentum of photon, p = mc =  Wavelength of photon,  Wavelength associated with moving particle, Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Spectrum: (1)    Orbital Velocity :  v =              Radii of Orbits :                          Time Period : T =                                                  Energy of the Electron:

Work Power Energy

Work Power Energy: W =  Work done by variable force W = dw =  Work done against friction on a level surface W = F × S =  mgs ('' is coefficient of friction)  The work done in lifting a body of mass m having density inside a liquid of density through a height h is (a = 0) W = mgh Work done in stretching or compressing a spring is .

Wave motion

Wave motion  Wave equation Propagation constant =  Wave velocity v =  Intensity I = 22n2Av =  Energy density = 22n2a2 =

VECTOR

VECTOR Unit vector  Polygon Law  Parallelogram Law R2 -; P2 + Q2 + 2 PQ cos  If A and B are in some direction, then |R| = A + B. If magnitude of A and B is the same, then |R| = 2 A cos /2. Triangular law |R| =  Tan  =  Rmax = | P + Q |, if  = 0 Rmax = |P -; Q |, if  = 1800