Amplitude modulation (AM)
(i) Modulation index
ma =
(ii) Voltage equation for AM wave
e = E sin wct =
=
(iii) Band width =
(iv) Power in AM wave
PC =
Total power of side bands
Psb =
Frequency deviation
d =
Carrier swing
CS = 2 Df
The effective refractive index of the ionosphere
neff = n0