Communication

Amplitude modulation (AM) (i)   Modulation index ma =  (ii)   Voltage equation for AM wave e = E sin wct =  =  (iii)  Band width =  (iv)  Power in AM wave PC =  Total power of side bands Psb =  Frequency deviation d =   Carrier swing CS = 2 Df  The effective refractive index of the ionosphere neff = n0  Critical frequency fc » g(Nmax)1/2 Maximum unsable frequency MuF =  Television signal propagation h =  Area covered A = p2 = 2Rh Population cover = Population density ´ Area covered Optical fiber Critical angle Acceptance angle Numerical aperture NA =